| Taxa: |
| Order: |
| Family: |
| Aves |
| Passeriformes |
| Parulidae |
| NatureServe Global Rank: |
| NatureServe State (NC) Rank: |
| G5 |
| S4B,SZN |
| Federal Status: |
| NC State Status: |
| --- |
| --- |
| Land Unit |
| US Fish & Wildlife Service |
| US Forest Service |
| US National Park Service |
| US Department of Defense |
| NC State Parks |
| NC University System |
| NC Wildlife Res. Com. |
| NC Forest Service |
| NC Div. of Coastal Mgmt. |
| Local Governments |
| Non-Governmental Org. |
| Other Public Lands |
| Private Lands |
| GAP Status 1-2 |
| All Protected Lands |
| Statewide |
| Hectares |
| 102,171.60 |
| 77,738.49 |
| 39,829.14 |
| 19,205.64 |
| 12,208.68 |
| 20,557.26 |
| 56,702.25 |
| 7,768.02 |
| 7,526.79 |
| 754.11 |
| 21,153.96 |
| 616.32 |
| 1,113,051.78 |
| 225,327.54 |
| 366,107.70 |
| 1,479,284.04 |
| Acres |
| 252,471.47 |
| 192,095.95 |
| 98,419.93 |
| 47,458.16 |
| 30,168.30 |
| 50,798.09 |
| 140,114.28 |
| 19,853.18 |
| 18,599.10 |
| 1,863.45 |
| 52,272.56 |
| 1,522.96 |
| 2,750,410.31 |
| 557,454.36 |
| 905,329.64 |
| 3,656,047.75 |
| % of Dist. on |
| Prot. Lands |
| 27.9 % |
| 21.2 % |
| 10.9 % |
| 5.2 % |
| 3.3 % |
| 5.6 % |
| 15.5 % |
| 2.1 % |
| 2.1 % |
| 5.8 % |
| 5.8 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| 61.5 % |
| ----- |
| ----- |
| % of Dist. on |
| All Lands |
| 6.9 % |
| 5.3 % |
| 2.7 % |
| 1.3 % |
| 0.8 % |
| 1.4 % |
| 3.8 % |
| 0.5 % |
| 0.5 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| 1.4 % |
| < 0.1 % |
| 75.2 % |
| 15.2 % |
| ----- |
| ----- |
|
A few rare and local populations exist in the piedmont; otherwise the North Carolina distribution consists of two disjunct populations, one in the mountains, and the other in the coastal plain (Potter et al. 1980). The coastal population represents the waynei subspecies, which breeds along the Atlantic coast from southeastern Virginia to South Carolina (Stupka
1963, Morse 1989, Dunn and Garrett 1997). The mountain population inhabits a variety of relatively mature coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forest types from the spruce-fir and northern hardwood communities of the highest elevations to the hemlock and cove hardwood ravines of the lower elevations (Dunn and Garrett 1997, Nicholson 1997). The habitat usually includes multiple layers of understory with many shrubs. It also will nest in forest edge and second growth areas (Dunn and Garrett 1997). The coastal plain subspecies breeds in old growth cypress swamps, river bottoms, pine forests, and mixed stands of often white spruce and deciduous trees (Stupka 1963, Hamel 1992, Dunn and Garrett 1997). The nest is generally placed at a height of about 30 feet (Stupka 1963, Alsop 1991), although they have been found from 8 inches to 75 feet or higher (Griscom and Sprunt 1957, Nicholson 1997). It is built against the trunk or out on the horizontal limb of a large tree, in the crotch of a tall sapling, or within a tangle of vines (Stupka 1963, Potter et al. 1980, Nicholson 1997). The birds forage at the tips of branches, preferably those of evergreens (Alsop 1991). Males tend to forage higher in the tree than do females (Ehrlich et al. 1988). NATURE SERVE GLOBAL HABITAT COMMENTS: Breeds in coniferous, mixed coniferous-deciduous, and entirely deciduous forests (Parrish 1995, Condor 97:935- 943), including forest edge, second growth, hemlock forest, cedar-grown pastures, larch bogs, and swamps. In migration and winter, occurs in various open forest, woodland, scrub, second growth, and thicket habitats (AOU 1983); prefers forest canopy and edges, pasture trees, and semi-open, sometimes in low scrubby second growth (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Nests often in conifers but also in hardwoods, shrubs, and vine tangles, from almost ground level to about 25 m up (usually low) (Harrison 1978). NATURE SERVE STATE HABITAT COMMENTS: In the mountains, occurs mainly in coniferous or mixed forests, rarely in pure hardwood forests, and generally above 600m elevation (Hamel 1992). Inhabits swamps and bottomlands in the Coastal Plain, commonly in cypress and white cedar (Hamel 1992). |
| Code | Name | Description | NC Natural Heritage Program Equivalent |
| 75 | Tidal Swamp Forest | Swamp tupelo dominated forest with or without black tupelo and/or cypress trees. Restricted to the tidal zones in the coastal plain. May have inclusions of coastal red cedar woodlands. | Tidal cypress - gum swamp |
| 50 | Coastal Plain Mixed Bottomland Forests | Includes forests dominated by a variety of hardwood species, including sweetgum, cottonwood, red maple. | Coastal Plain Bottomland Hardwood (in part), Coastal Plain Levee Forest |
| 49 | Coastal Plain Oak Bottomland Forest | Bottomland forests dominated by deciduous oak alliances. Oaks represented can include swamp chestnut, cherrybark, willow, and/or overcup oak. Inclusions of loblolly pine temporarily flooded forests occur in patches. Hydrology is temporarily to seasonally flooded. | Coastal Plain Bottomland Hardwoods (in part) blackwater subtype, brownwater subtype |
| 158 | Coastal Plain Nonriverine Wet Flat Forests | Loblolly pine - Atlantic white-cedar - red maple - swamp tupelo saturated forests as well as forests dominated by loblolly, sweetgum, and red maple in non-riverine flats. | Non-riverine Wet Hardwood Forest |
| 41 | Peatland Atlantic White-Cedar Forest | Dense stands of Atlantic white cedar with saturated hydrology. Can include swamp tupelo, red maple, and pond pines with a moderate shrub and herb layer. | Peatland Atlantic White-Cedar Forest |
| 15 | Seepage and Streamhead Swamps | Includes extensive peat flats in the coastal plain, dominated by swamp tupelo, maples, and Atlantic white cedar alliances. In the sandhills includes streamhead pond pine and bay forests alliances. Saturated hydrology. | Bay Forest, Small Depression Pocosin, Streamhead Atlantic White Cedar Forest, Streamhead Pocosins |
| 30 | Cypress-Gum Floodplain Forests | Swamps dominated by black or swamp tupelo with or without Taxodium. Seasonally to semi-permanently flooded hydrology. | Cypress-Gum Swamps |
| 78 | Pond-Cypress - Gum Swamps, Savannas and Lakeshores | Cypress dominated swamps and lakeshores. Can include bays dominated by pond cypress or shorelines of coastal plain lakes with a narrow band of cypress. | Non-riverine Swamp Forest, Natural Lakeshores (in part) |
| 385 | Oak Bottomland Forest and Swamp Forest | The swamp chestnut oak, cherrybark oak, shumard oak and sweetgum alliance is one representative. Other alliances are dominated by water, willow, and overcup oaks. Swamp forests can be dominated by sweetgum, red maple, and black gum being dominant. Loblolly can occur in combination with sweetgum and red maple, or with tulip poplar. Includes saturated and semi- to permanently flooded forests in the mountains. | Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest, Piedmont/Mountain Swamp Forest |
| 87 | Pocosin Woodlands and Shrublands | Includes pond pine woodland, low pocosin and high pocosin shrub dominated areas. Canebrakes and bay forests may be present. | Pond Pine Woodlands, Peatland Canebrake, Small Depression Pocosin |
| 230 | Piedmont Mesic Forest | American Beech - Red Oak - White Oak Forests. | Mesic Mixed Hardwood |
| 384 | Piedmont/Mountain Mixed Bottomland Hardwood Forests | Includes temporarily to seasonally forests dominated by hardwood species. Hardwoods include sweetgum, red maple, sycamore which co-occur in a mosaic of bottomland and levee positions. Includes alluvial hardwood forests in the mountains. Hemlock and white pine may occur as inclusions, but are generally mapped separately. | Piedmont/Mountain Alluvial Forest, Piedmont/Mountain Levee Forest |
| 383 | Piedmont Mixed Successional Forest | Generally loblolly mixed with successional hardwoods. Sweetgum, tulip poplar and red maple are common co-dominants in these successional forests. | No equivalent |
| 202 | Residential Urban | Includes vegetation interspersed in residential areas. Includes lawns, mixed species woodlots, and horticultural shrubs. Vegetation accounts for between 20 - 70% of the cover. | No equivalent |
| 517 | Hemlock Floodplain Forest | Alluvial forest with hemlock and/or white pine in mountains and western piedmont. Hydrology is generally temporarily to seasonally flooded. | Canada Hemlock Forest |
| 521 | Spruce/Fir Forest | High Elevation Frazer-Fir - Red Spruce, Red Spruce and Red-Spruce-Yellow Birch Forests. Tree densities included here include both woodland to forest density. Highly intermixed with Northern Hardwoods, Grassy Balds, and Shrub Balds. | Red Spruce--Fraser Fir Forest, Fraser Fir Forest |
| 527 | Appalachian Hemlock | Upland hemlock forests of the moutains region. Vary from side slopes to steep slope positions. | Canada Hemlock Forest |
| 528 | Appalachian Xeric Pine Forest | Pine forests and woodlands on xeric sites. A variety of pines, including Virginia, Shortleaf, Eastern White Pine, Table Mountain and Pitch pine. Often small areas of dense pine within a matrix of Xeric Oak-Pine Forests. | Pine Oak Heath |
| 529 | Appalachian Xeric Mixed Forest | Mixed forests with Virginia, Shortleaf, Eastern White Pine, Table Mountain and Pitch pines in combination with xeric oak species. Oaks include, white, Southern Red, black, and rock chestnut. | Pine Oak Heath |
|
Bent, A.C. 1953. Life histories of North American wood warblers. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 203. Washington, D.C.
Hagan, J.M., III, and D.W. Johnston, editors. 1992. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xiii + 609 pp. Hamel, P. B. 1992. The land manager's guide to the birds of the south. The Nature Conservancy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 367 pp + several appendices. Sauer, J.R., and S. Droege. 1992. Geographical patterns in population trends of neotropical migrants in North America. Pages 26-42 in J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston, editors. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institu Parrish, J.D. 1995. Experimental evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler. CONDOR 97: 935-943. Rabenold, K. N. 1980. The black-throated green warbler in Panama:geographic and seasonal comparison of foraging. Pages 297-307 in B80KEA02NAUS. Rappole, J.H., and D.W. Warner. 1980. Ecological aspects of migrant bird behavior in Veracruz, Mexico. Pages 353-393 in A. Keast and E.S. Morton, editors. Migrant birds in the neotropics:ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Insti Dunn, J.L., and K.L. Garrett. 1997. A field guide to warblers of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Nicholson CP. 1997. Atlas of the breeding birds of Tennessee. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Stupka A 1963. Notes on the birds of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. Lack, D. 1976. Island biology illustrated by the land birds of Jamaica. Studies in Ecology, Vol. 3. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 445 pp. Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio. Griscom, L., and A. Sprunt, Jr. 1979. The warblers of America. Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New York. 302 pp. Keast, A., and E. S. Morton. 1980. Migrant birds in the Neotropics; ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. Potter, E. F., J. F. Parnell, and R. P. Teulings. 1980. Birds of the Carolinas. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 408 pp. Terres, J.K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. American Ornithologists' Union (AOU), Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds. Sixth Edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. Harrison, H.H. 1984. Wood warblers' world. Simon and Schuster, New York. 335 pp. Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder's handbook:a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Shuster, Inc., New York. xxx + 785 pp. Morse, D. H. 1989. American warblers:an ecological and behavioral perspective. Harvard University Press. 384 pp. Ridgely, R.S., and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Vol. 1. The Oscine passerines. Univ. Texas Press, Austin. 516 pp. Stiles, F.G., and A.F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comstock Publ. Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 511 pp. Alsop FJ III. 1991. Birds of the Smokies. Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association. |
For more information please contact them at:
NC-GAP Analysis Project
Dept. of Zoology, NCSU
Campus Box 7617
Raleigh, NC 27695-7617
(919) 513-2853
www.basic.ncsu.edu/ncgap