Eastern wood-pewee

Eastern wood-pewee

Contopus virens

ITIS Species Code: 178359 NatureServ Element Code: ABPAE32060

Taxa:

Order:

Family:

Aves

Passeriformes

Tyrannidae

NatureServe Global Rank:

NatureServe State (NC) Rank:

S5B,SZN

Federal Status:

NC State Status:

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PARTNERS IN FLIGHT PRIORITY SCORES:

Southern Blue Ridge:

Southern Piedmont:

South Atl. Coastal Plain:

HEXAGONAL KNOWN RANGE:

PREDICTED DISTRIBUTION:

SUMMARY OF STATEWIDE PREDICTED DISTRIBUTION:

Land Unit

US Fish & Wildlife Service

US Forest Service

US National Park Service

US Department of Defense

NC State Parks

NC University System

NC Wildlife Res. Com.

NC Forest Service

NC Div. of Coastal Mgmt.

Local Governments

Non-Governmental Org.

Other Public Lands

Private Lands

GAP Status 1-2

All Protected Lands

Statewide

Hectares

15,192.63

405,385.47

86,148.63

100,402.11

35,616.42

14,022.27

71,815.05

10,647.00

897.30

9,590.13

10,680.39

3,573.09

6,308,595.63

230,498.28

760,620.42

7,072,566.12

Acres

37,541.80

1,001,729.12

212,877.86

248,098.97

88,010.07

34,649.78

177,458.82

29,551.38

2,217.28

23,697.72

26,391.81

8,829.30

15,588,876.26

572,815.61

1,882,775.70

17,479,930.16

% of Dist. on

Prot. Lands

2.0 %

53.3 %

11.2 %

13.2 %

4.7 %

1.8 %

9.3 %

1.4 %

0.1 %

1.3 %

0.4 %

< 0.1 %

30.3 %

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% of Dist. on

All Lands

0.2 %

5.7 %

1.2 %

1.4 %

0.5 %

0.2 %

1.0 %

0.2 %

< 0.1 %

0.1 %

0.2 %

< 0.1 %

89.2 %

3.3 %

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HABITAT DESCRIPTION:

Common summer resident throughout North Carolina (Hamel 1992, Potter et al1980).
Breeds in all types of habitats, including deciduous and coniferous, as well as mature, secondary growth, and younger seccessional forests (Alsop 1991, McCarty 1996). Prefers forest clearings and edges, such as those around meadows, roadsides, and ponds (Kaufman 1996, McCarty 1996). Both Alsop (1991) and Simpson (1992) list the pewee as rare in the spruce-fir forests.
Nests can be in trees or saplings, either deciduous or coniferous (Hamel 1992), and usually on horizontal branch far from truck (Ehrlich 1988). Generally it is 15 to 50 feet above the ground (Hamel 1992, Potter et al 1980), constructed of grasses, weed strems, plant fibers, spider webs, hairs, pine needles, mosses, twigs; lined with fine materials, and covered on the outside with lichens (Ehrlich et al 1988, Harrison 1975, Kaufman 1996, McCarty 1996). Forages preferably from dead branches in the canopy and sub-canopy, hawking insects (McCarty 1996). Also will glean from foliage and take insects from the ground (Ehrlich et al 1988, Kaufman 1996, McMarty 1996).
NATURE SERVE GLOBAL HABITAT COMMENTS:
Mature forests, farm woodlots, orchards, parks, borders of fields, clearings, roadsides, shade trees, open woodland. In all sorts of situations in migration. Colombia: perches at midlevels or lower (Hilty and Brown 1986).
REPRODUCTIVE HABITAT COMMENTS:

Nests on horizontal branch of tree, live or dead, typically far out from trunk, about 3-15 m above ground.

MODELING DESCRIPTION:

Occupied Landcover Map Units:

Code	Name	Description	NC Natural Heritage Program Equivalent
121	Maritime Pinelands	Loblolly forests and woodlands of the outer coastal plain.	Estuarine Fringe Loblolly Pine Forest
17	Maritime Forests and Hammocks	Maritime forests and woodlands dominated by live or sand laurel oak. Estuarine Fringe forests dominated by loblolly pine.	Coastal Fringe Evergreen Forest, Maritime Deciduous Forest, Maritime Deciduous Forest
63	Coastal Plain Mesic Hardwood Forests	Beech dominated forests with white oak and northern red oak as possible co-dominants. Dry-mesic to mesic forests on slopes and small stream bottoms in the coastal plain.	Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest, Basic Mesic Forests
138	Coastal Plain Dry to Dry-Mesic Oak Forests	Oak dominated forests of the coastal plain. Includes white oak forests with water oak or northern red oak and hickories as co-dominants.	Dry Mesic Oak Hickory Forest, Basic Oak Hickory Forest, Dry Oak Hickory Forest
97	Mesic Longleaf Pine	Longleaf pine woodlands without a major scrub oak component. Slash or loblolly pines may be present as well.	Mesic Pine Flatwoods
42	Xeric Longleaf Pine	Sandhills including a range of longleaf pine density from predominantly wiregrass, scrub oak dominated to true longleaf pine woodland. This does not include mesic or saturated flatwood types.	Xeric Sandhill Scrub, Pine/Scrub Oak Sandhill, Coastal Fringe Sandhill
46	Xeric Oak - Pine Forests	Mixed forest dominated by yellow pines with white or northern red oaks co-dominating.	Pine Oak Heath
232	Xeric Pine-Hardwood Woodlands and Forests	Mixed forest dominated by yellow pines with drier oaks including southern red, post, and chestnut oaks.	Dry Oak Hickory Forest
230	Piedmont Mesic Forest	American Beech - Red Oak - White Oak Forests.	Mesic Mixed Hardwood
384	Piedmont/Mountain Mixed Bottomland Hardwood Forests	Includes temporarily to seasonally forests dominated by hardwood species. Hardwoods include sweetgum, red maple, sycamore which co-occur in a mosaic of bottomland and levee positions. Includes alluvial hardwood forests in the mountains. Hemlock and white pine may occur as inclusions, but are generally mapped separately.	Piedmont/Mountain Alluvial Forest, Piedmont/Mountain Levee Forest
383	Piedmont Mixed Successional Forest	Generally loblolly mixed with successional hardwoods. Sweetgum, tulip poplar and red maple are common co-dominants in these successional forests.	No equivalent
228	Piedmont Dry-Mesic Oak and Hardwood Forests	Primarily oak dominated forests, white oak is often dominant, with co-dominants including . Also represented by sweetgum and tulip poplar dominated forests.	Dry Mesic Oak Hickory Forest, Basic Oak Hickory Forest, Dry Oak Hickory Forest
222	Piedmont Dry-Mesic Pine Forests	Loblolly dominated forests resulting from succession following clearing. This type occurs on all moisture regimes following disturbance with the exception of the extremely xeric sites.	No equivalent
382	Dry Mesic Oak Pine Forests	Mixed forests of the coastal plain and piedmont. Includes loblolly pine with white, southern red and/or post oak and loblolly with water oak. On basic sites of the piedmont, eastern red cedar may co-occur with post, black, and blackjack oaks.	Dry Mesic Oak Hickory Forest, Xeric Hard Pan Forest, Chestnut Oak Forest, Dry Mesic Oak Hickory Forest, Dry Oak Hickory Forest
220	Piedmont Xeric Pine Forests	Dry to xeric pine forests dominated by Virginia pine, shortleaf pine or Eastern Red Cedar.	Pine Oak Heath
226	Piedmont Xeric Woodlands	Generally post and blackjack oak dominated woodlands. White ash and pignut hickory can be found in combination with Eastern red cedar on glades.	Xeric Hardpan Forest
20	Coniferous Regeneration	Regenerating pine stands. Predominantly loblolly pine, but slash and longleaf stands occur as well.	No equivalent
21	Coniferous Cultivated Plantation (natural / planted)	Managed pine plantations, densely planted. Most planted stands are loblolly, but slash and longleaf occur as well.	No equivalent
51	Deciduous Cultivated Plantation	Planted deciduous trees. Includes sweetgum and sycamore plantations.	No equivalent
36	Successional Deciduous Forests	Regenerating deciduous trees with a shrub stature. Commonly dominated by sweetgum, tulip poplars and maples.	No equivalent
202	Residential Urban	Includes vegetation interspersed in residential areas. Includes lawns, mixed species woodlots, and horticultural shrubs. Vegetation accounts for between 20 - 70% of the cover.	No equivalent
517	Hemlock Floodplain Forest	Alluvial forest with hemlock and/or white pine in mountains and western piedmont. Hydrology is generally temporarily to seasonally flooded.	Canada Hemlock Forest
522	Northern Hardwoods	High Elevation forests including yellow birch, American beech, and yellow buckeye. Includes forests with Hemlock and Yellow Birch.	Northern Hardwoods Forest, Boulderfield Forest
525	Appalachian Oak Forest	A variety of oak forest types including Black, White, Scarlet Oaks in dry to mesic situations. Includes forests historically co-dominated by American Chestnut.	High Elevation Red Oak Forest, Montane White Oak Forest
526	Appalachian Cove Forest	Mixed Mesophytic forests of the mountains. Includes tuliptree, basswood, yellow buckeye and surgar maple. This class is mapped to include cove forests dominated or co-dominated by hemlock.	Rich Cove Forest, Acidic Cove Forest
527	Appalachian Hemlock	Upland hemlock forests of the moutains region. Vary from side slopes to steep slope positions.	Canada Hemlock Forest
528	Appalachian Xeric Pine Forest	Pine forests and woodlands on xeric sites. A variety of pines, including Virginia, Shortleaf, Eastern White Pine, Table Mountain and Pitch pine. Often small areas of dense pine within a matrix of Xeric Oak-Pine Forests.	Pine Oak Heath
529	Appalachian Xeric Mixed Forest	Mixed forests with Virginia, Shortleaf, Eastern White Pine, Table Mountain and Pitch pines in combination with xeric oak species. Oaks include, white, Southern Red, black, and rock chestnut.	Pine Oak Heath
530	Appalachian Xeric Deciduous Forest	Deciduous forests in the mountains dominated by Xeric Oak species. Species include, white, Southern red, black, and rock chestnut.	High Elevation Red Oak Forest, Montane White Oak Forest

View Entire Landcover Legend

Additional Spatial Constraints:

Exclude all area outside of known range.

Limited to elevation range: less than 4500 ft.

CITATIONS:

Stotz, D.F., R.O. Bierregaard, M. Cohn-Haft, P. Petermann, J. Smith, A. Whittaker, and S. Wilson. 1992. The status of North American migrants in central Amazonian Brazil. Condor 94:608-621.

Carter, M., G. Fenwick, C. Hunter, D. Pashley, D. Petit, J. Price, and J. Trapp. 1996. Watchlist 1996:For the future. Field Notes 50(3):238-240.

Bent, A.C. 1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows, and their allies. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 179. Washington, DC.

Hagan, J.M., III, and D.W. Johnston, editors. 1992. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xiii + 609 pp.

Hamel, P. B. 1992. The land manager's guide to the birds of the south. The Nature Conservancy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 367 pp + several appendices.

Simpson MB Jr. 1992. Birds of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.

Sauer, J.R., and S. Droege. 1992. Geographical patterns in population trends of neotropical migrants in North America. Pages 26-42 in J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston, editors. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institu

Kaufman K. 1996. Lives of North American Birds. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

McCarty, J. P. 1996. Eastern wood-pewee. In Poole A. and Gill F., eds. The birds of North America. No. 245.

Harrison, H.H. 1975. A field guide to bird's nests in the U.S. east of the Mississippi River. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 257 p.

Harrison, C. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.

Harrison, H.H. 1979. A field guide to western birds' nests. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 279 pp.

Keast, A., and E. S. Morton. 1980. Migrant birds in the Neotropics; ecology, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.

Potter, E. F., J. F. Parnell, and R. P. Teulings. 1980. Birds of the Carolinas. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 408 pp.

Terres, J.K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

American Ornithologists' Union (AOU), Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds. Sixth Edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas.

Hilty, S.L., and W.L. Brown. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 836 pp.

Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder's handbook:a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Shuster, Inc., New York. xxx + 785 pp.

Stiles, F.G., and A.F. Skutch. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comstock Publ. Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 511 pp.

Droege, S., and J.R. Sauer. 1990. North American Breeding Bird Survey, annual summary, 1989. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 90(8). 22 pp.

Alsop FJ III. 1991. Birds of the Smokies. Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association.

10 March 2005

This data was compiled and/or developed by the North Carolina GAP Analysis Project.

For more information please contact them at:
NC-GAP Analysis Project
Dept. of Zoology, NCSU
Campus Box 7617
Raleigh, NC 27695-7617
(919) 513-2853
www.basic.ncsu.edu/ncgap